In the circuit you can see we used 4bit communication (D4-D7). This type of communication enables the user to decrease the pin usage on ARDUINO, unlike other the ARDUINO need not be programmed separately for using it in 4 it mode because by default the ARDUINO is set up to communicate in 4 bit mode. The ARDUINO IDE allows the user to use LCD in 4 bit mode. PIN6 or E (Enable) to PIN9 of ARDUINO UNO PIN5 or RW (Read/Write) to ground (puts LCD in read mode eases the communication for user) PIN4 or RS (Register Selection) to PIN8 of ARDUINO UNO PIN3 or VEE to ground (gives maximum contrast best for a beginner) The connections which are done for LCD are given below: We just need to control ENABLE and RS pins to send characters and data accordingly.
This puts LCD in highest contrast and read mode. In the circuit, you can observe I have only took two control pins, the contrast bit and READ/WRITE are not often used so they can be shorted to ground. Now in the 14 pins there are 8 data pins (7-14 or D0-D7), 2 power supply pins (1&2 or VSS&VDD or GND&+5v), 3 rd pin for contrast control (VEE-controls how thick the characters should be shown), and 3 control pins (RS&RW&E). One can power or leave the back light pins. In 16x2 LCD there are 16 pins over all if there is a back light, if there is no back light there will be 14 pins. Hardware: ARDUINO UNO, power supply (5v), JHD_162ALCD (16x2LCD), 100uF capacitor, 100KΩ pot or potentiometer, 100nF capacitor. Here one must understand that in each character there are 5x10=50 pixels so to display one character all 50 pixels must work together, but we need not have to worry about that because there a another controller (HD44780) in the display unit which does the job of controlling the pixels (you can see it in LCD unit, it is the black eye at the back). The 16x2 will have 32 characters in total 16in 1 st line and another 16 in 2 nd line. The 16x1 display unit will have 16 characters and are in one line. The simple displays are 16x1 and 16x2 display units. In all of this we are going to connect a potentiometer or pot to the ‘A0’ channel, and we are going to show the ADC result on a simple display. This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into integer values between. The Arduino Uno ADC is of 10 bit resolution (so the integer values from (0-(2^10) 1023)). Among those any one or all of them can be used as inputs for analog voltage. In this tutorial we are introducing concept of ADC (Analog to Digital Conversion) in ARDUINO UNO. Arduino board has six ADC channels, as show in figure below.
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